{"id":18489,"date":"2022-12-23T10:33:27","date_gmt":"2022-12-23T15:33:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/?p=18489"},"modified":"2022-12-23T10:33:27","modified_gmt":"2022-12-23T15:33:27","slug":"pour-que-le-ministere-public-puisse-invoquer-la-complicite-comme-forme-de-responsabilite-il-faut-que-lauteur-principal-ait-commis-linfraction-sous%e2%80%91jacente-caron-c-r-202","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/pour-que-le-ministere-public-puisse-invoquer-la-complicite-comme-forme-de-responsabilite-il-faut-que-lauteur-principal-ait-commis-linfraction-sous%e2%80%91jacente-caron-c-r-202\/","title":{"rendered":"Pour que le minist\u00e8re public puisse invoquer la complicit\u00e9 comme forme de responsabilit\u00e9, il faut que l\u2019auteur principal ait commis l\u2019infraction sous\u2011jacente : Caron c. R., 2022 QCCA 1550"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/jt205\">Caron c. R., 2022 QCCA 1550<\/a><\/p>\n<p>(voir aussi r\u00e9cemment <a href=\"https:\/\/canlii.ca\/t\/jtmg6\">Perron c. R., 2022 QCCA 1716<\/a>)<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Quant au \u00ab transport \u00bb constitutif de trafic, la preuve n\u00e9cessite davantage que le d\u00e9placement de la substance ill\u00e9gale d\u2019un point \u00e0 un autre par une personne. Un verdict de culpabilit\u00e9 exige en effet la d\u00e9monstration que le transport \u00ab forms part of a transaction that is intended to promote the distribution of a narcotic to another person \u00bb.<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"11\" data-viibes-start=\"10\" data-viibes-end=\"9\">[11] La jurisprudence et les auteurs ont pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 qu\u2019une op\u00e9ration de \u00ab\u00a0vente\u00a0\u00bb en mati\u00e8re de trafic de drogues doit \u00eatre interpr\u00e9t\u00e9e selon le sens ordinaire de ce terme. La preuve doit donc \u00e9tablir que la drogue a \u00e9t\u00e9 remise \u00e0 un tiers contre une consid\u00e9ration, le plus souvent mon\u00e9taire<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"12\" data-viibes-start=\"11\" data-viibes-end=\"10\">[12] Quant au \u00ab\u00a0transport\u00a0\u00bb constitutif de trafic, la preuve n\u00e9cessite davantage que le d\u00e9placement de la substance ill\u00e9gale d\u2019un point \u00e0 un autre par une personne. Un verdict de culpabilit\u00e9 exige en effet la d\u00e9monstration que le transport \u00ab\u00a0forms part of a transaction that is intended to promote the distribution of a narcotic to another person\u00a0\u00bb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>. La preuve d\u2019un transport proprement dit de la substance et de son but est donc n\u00e9cessaire.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"12\" data-viibes-start=\"11\" data-viibes-end=\"10\">La possibilit\u00e9 de tirer des conclusions sur la base d\u2019une preuve circonstancielle analys\u00e9e selon l\u2019exp\u00e9rience humaine et le bon sens comporte ses limites.<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"29\" data-viibes-start=\"28\" data-viibes-end=\"27\">[29] La Cour supr\u00eame a soulign\u00e9 que les inf\u00e9rences raisonnables que le juge tire d\u2019une preuve circonstancielle peuvent, et doivent, r\u00e9sulter de l\u2019appr\u00e9ciation logique de la preuve, ou de l\u2019absence de preuve, \u00ab\u00a0suivant l\u2019exp\u00e9rience humaine et le bon sens\u00a0\u00bb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"30\" data-viibes-start=\"29\" data-viibes-end=\"28\">[30] N\u00e9anmoins, la possibilit\u00e9 de tirer des conclusions sur la base d\u2019une preuve circonstancielle analys\u00e9e selon l\u2019exp\u00e9rience humaine et le bon sens comporte ses limites. On ne peut tout inclure sous le couvert d\u2019une preuve dite circonstancielle. Dans <em>R.\u00a0v.\u00a0JC<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>, le juge Paciocco de la Cour d\u2019appel de l\u2019Ontario formule des observations pertinentes \u00e0 ce sujet\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\"><strong>(1) The Rule Against Ungrounded Common-Sense Assumptions<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[58] The first such rule is that judges must avoid speculative reasoning that invokes \u201ccommon-sense\u201d assumptions <u>that are not grounded in the evidence<\/u> or appropriately supported by judicial notice: [\u2026]. For clarity, I will call this \u201cthe rule against ungrounded common-sense assumptions\u201d.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[59] <u>To be clear, there is no bar on relying upon common-sense or human experience to identify inferences that arise from the evidence<\/u>. Were that the case, circumstantial evidence would not be admissible since, by definition, the relevance of circumstantial evidence depends upon using human experience as a bridge between the evidence and the inference drawn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[60] <u>Nor is there any absolute bar on using human experience of human behaviour to draw inferences from the evidence<\/u>. [\u2026].<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[61] <u>Properly understood, the rule against ungrounded common-sense assumptions<\/u> does not bar using human experience about human behaviour to interpret evidence. <strong>It prohibits judges from using \u201ccommon-sense\u201d or human experience to introduce new considerations, not arising from evidence, into the decision-making process, including considerations about human behaviour.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[73] <u>As a matter of principle, an error is \u201cbased\u201d on<\/u> a stereotype or <u>improper inference when that<\/u>stereotype or <u>improper inference played a material or important role in explaining the impugned conclusion<\/u>. Where it did so, <u>even if the trial judge offered other reasons for the impugned conclusion, it cannot safely be said that the trial judge would have reached the same conclusion without the error.<\/u> Where the erroneous reasoning does not play a material or important role in reaching the impugned conclusion, and was only incidental, the accused will not have been prejudiced by it and no reversible error occurs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[Soulignements et caract\u00e8res gras ajout\u00e9s; r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises]<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"highlighted\">Pour reconna\u00eetre un accus\u00e9 coupable d\u2019aide \u00e0 la commission d\u2019une infraction au sens de l\u2019<\/span><a class=\"reflex2-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html#art21par1_smooth\"><span class=\"highlighted\">alin\u00e9a 21(1)<\/span><\/a> <i><span class=\"highlighted\">b)<\/span><\/i> <i><a class=\"reflex2-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html\"><span class=\"highlighted\">C.cr<\/span><\/a><span class=\"highlighted\">.<\/span><\/i><span class=\"highlighted\">,\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0[e]n premier lieu, il faut qu\u2019une infraction ait effectivement \u00e9t\u00e9 commise\u00a0\u00bb.<\/span><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"31\" data-viibes-start=\"30\" data-viibes-end=\"29\">[31]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 L\u2019argument de l\u2019appelant selon lequel le juge a rendu un verdict non fond\u00e9 sur la preuve et d\u00e9raisonnable en concluant \u00e0 sa culpabilit\u00e9 pour avoir aid\u00e9 quelqu\u2019un \u00e0 commettre l\u2019infraction de trafic, alors qu\u2019aucune preuve n\u2019a \u00e9tabli la commission r\u00e9elle de cette infraction, trouve appui dans l\u2019arr\u00eat <em>Autorit\u00e9 des march\u00e9s financiers c. Forget<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><em>\u00a0<\/em>:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">[83] <u>On peut d\u2019abord convenir, sur le mod\u00e8le du droit criminel<\/u>, que l\u2019art. 208 <em>L.v.m.<\/em>, <u>tout comme les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html#art21par1_smooth\">al. 21(1)<\/a><em>b)<\/em>\u00a0ou\u00a0<em>c)<\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html\">C.cr<\/a>.<\/em><\/u>, permet de d\u00e9clarer le complice (<u>en l\u2019occurrence celui qui a fourni son aide<\/u>), <u>en tant que participant \u00e0 l\u2019infraction, coupable de celle-ci<\/u> sans \u00e9gard au fait que l\u2019auteur principal en ait \u00e9t\u00e9 acquitt\u00e9 ou, m\u00eame, qu\u2019il n\u2019ait pas \u00e9t\u00e9 poursuivi: la disposition ne requiert en effet pas que l\u2019auteur principal de l\u2019infraction en ait \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9 coupable, mais simplement qu\u2019il l\u2019ait perp\u00e9tr\u00e9e, <u>ce qui doit encore \u00eatre d\u00e9montr\u00e9<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">[84] Au chapitre de l<em>\u2019actus reus<\/em>, l\u2019art. 208 <em>L.v.m.<\/em>exige donc que la preuve \u00e0 l\u2019endroit du complice<strong>\u00e9tablisse hors de tout doute raisonnable la commission de l\u2019infraction par l\u2019auteur principal\u00a0: on ne peut bien s\u00fbr pas, au sens de cette disposition, \u00eatre p\u00e9nalement responsable d\u2019avoir aid\u00e9 une personne qui n\u2019aurait pas commis d\u2019infraction<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[Soulignements et caract\u00e8res gras ajout\u00e9s; renvoi omis]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"32\" data-viibes-start=\"31\" data-viibes-end=\"30\">[32]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Ce principe fut \u00e9galement soulev\u00e9 dans l\u2019arr\u00eat <em>Protection de la jeunesse \u2013 525<\/em>, dans lequel la Cour a rappel\u00e9, quoique succinctement, que pour reconna\u00eetre un accus\u00e9 coupable d\u2019aide \u00e0 la commission d\u2019une infraction au sens de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html#art21par1_smooth\">alin\u00e9a 21(1)<\/a> <em>b)<\/em> <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html\">C.cr<\/a>.<\/em>,\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0[e]n premier lieu, il faut qu\u2019une infraction ait effectivement \u00e9t\u00e9 commise\u00a0\u00bb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"33\" data-viibes-start=\"32\" data-viibes-end=\"31\">[33]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Il en va de m\u00eame de la Cour supr\u00eame dans l\u2019arr\u00eat <em>R. c. J.F.<\/em>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; text-align: justify; padding-left: 40px;\">[22]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Le paragraphe 21(1) du <em>Code<\/em> pr\u00e9cise qu\u2019une personne peut \u00eatre jug\u00e9e responsable comme \u00ab\u00a0particip[a]nt \u00e0 une infraction\u00a0\u00bb de trois fa\u00e7ons.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">(1)\u00a0\u00a0Participent \u00e0 une infraction\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px; text-align: justify;\"><em>a<\/em>)\u00a0\u00a0quiconque la commet r\u00e9ellement;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px; text-align: justify;\"><em>b<\/em>)\u00a0\u00a0quiconque accomplit ou omet d\u2019accomplir quelque chose en vue d\u2019aider quelqu\u2019un \u00e0 la commettre;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 80px; text-align: justify;\"><em>c<\/em>)\u00a0\u00a0quiconque encourage quelqu\u2019un \u00e0 la commettre.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px;\">[\u2026]<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[24]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Malgr\u00e9 tous les efforts de l\u2019appelant en vue d\u2019appliquer la logique de l\u2019arr\u00eat <em>D\u00e9ry<\/em> \u00e0 la responsabilit\u00e9 comme participant aux cas o\u00f9 l\u2019infraction reproch\u00e9e est le complot, j\u2019estime que cette comparaison est inappropri\u00e9e, car elle revient \u00e0 comparer des pommes avec des oranges. <u>L\u2019explication est tr\u00e8s simple,<\/u>contrairement au crime de tentative, la responsabilit\u00e9 comme participant n\u2019a pas un caract\u00e8re inchoatif.<u> Pour que le minist\u00e8re public puisse invoquer cette forme de responsabilit\u00e9, il faut que l\u2019auteur principal ait commis l\u2019infraction sous\u2011jacente<\/u>. [\u2026]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[Soulignements ajout\u00e9s]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"34\" data-viibes-start=\"33\" data-viibes-end=\"32\">[34] La Cour d\u2019appel de l\u2019Ontario, se r\u00e9f\u00e9rant entre autres \u00e0 l\u2019arr\u00eat <em>R. v. Kenning and others<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a>, rendu par la Cour d\u2019appel de l\u2019Angleterre et du Pays de Galles, a quant \u00e0 elle affirm\u00e9 ce qui suit dans l\u2019arr\u00eat <em>R. v. Nguyen<\/em>\u00a0:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[47] Under s. 21(1) of the <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html\">Criminal Code<\/a><\/em><em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html\">, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-46<\/a><\/em>, every person is a party to an offence who:<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 80px; text-align: justify;\">(<em>a<\/em>)\u00a0actually commits it;<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 80px; text-align: justify;\">(<em>b<\/em>)\u00a0does or omits to do anything for the purpose of aiding any person to commit it; or<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 80px; text-align: justify;\">(<em>c<\/em>)\u00a0abets any person in committing it.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[48] As is evident from the section, <u>before someone can be convicted for an offence as a party, the underlying offence must have been committed<\/u>.\u00a0This point was underscored in <em>J.F.<\/em>, at para. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/2013\/2013csc12\/2013csc12.html#par24\">24<\/a>: \u201c<u>In order for the Crown to rely on party liability, the underlying offence must have been committed by the principal<\/u>.\u201d<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400; padding-left: 40px; text-align: justify;\">[Soulignements ajout\u00e9s; renvoi omis]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"35\" data-viibes-start=\"34\" data-viibes-end=\"33\">[35] D\u2019autres jugements au pays ont \u00e9galement fait \u00e9tat de ces principes<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p data-viibes-parag=\"35\" data-viibes-start=\"34\" data-viibes-end=\"33\">&#8230;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" data-viibes-parag=\"37\" data-viibes-start=\"36\" data-viibes-end=\"35\">[37] De la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on en l\u2019esp\u00e8ce, faute d\u2019une preuve que l\u2019ACI, ou toute autre personne, a commis \u00ab\u00a0r\u00e9ellement\u00a0\u00bb<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2022\/2022qcca1550\/2022qcca1550.html?resultIndex=3#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a> l\u2019infraction de trafic \u00e0 titre d\u2019auteur primaire, l\u2019appelant ne pouvait raisonnablement \u00eatre d\u00e9clar\u00e9 coupable de cette m\u00eame infraction \u00e0 titre d\u2019auteur secondaire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Caron c. R., 2022 QCCA 1550 (voir aussi r\u00e9cemment Perron c. R., 2022 QCCA 1716) Quant au \u00ab transport \u00bb constitutif de trafic, la preuve n\u00e9cessite davantage que le d\u00e9placement de la substance ill\u00e9gale d\u2019un point \u00e0 un autre par une personne. Un verdict de culpabilit\u00e9 exige en effet la d\u00e9monstration que le transport \u00ab [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[476,5591,5592,5593,5594],"yst_prominent_words":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18489"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=18489"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18489\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=18489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=18489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=18489"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=18489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}