{"id":6478,"date":"2013-07-31T21:21:14","date_gmt":"2013-08-01T01:21:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/doyonavocats.ca\/le-verdict-deraisonnable-et-la-preuve-didentification\/"},"modified":"2020-10-04T09:26:04","modified_gmt":"2020-10-04T13:26:04","slug":"le-verdict-deraisonnable-et-la-preuve-didentification","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/le-verdict-deraisonnable-et-la-preuve-didentification\/","title":{"rendered":"Le verdict d\u00e9raisonnable et la preuve d&#8217;identification : Legault c. R., 2013 QCCA 126"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La Cour d&#8217;appel du Qu\u00e9bec, dans <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html\"><em>Legault c. R.<\/em>, 2013 QCCA 126<\/a>, rappelle les principes applicables en mati\u00e8re de verdict d\u00e9raisonnable et de preuve d&#8217;identification.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Voici les passages pertinents :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>a) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Le verdict d\u00e9raisonnable<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[67]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Il y a lieu d&#8217;admettre l&#8217;appel et de rejeter les verdicts au motif que ceux-ci sont d\u00e9raisonnables ou ne peuvent s&#8217;appuyer sur la preuve (al. 686(1)a) <i>C.cr.<\/i>), et ce, dit avec \u00e9gards pour le juge de premi\u00e8re instance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[68]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Tr\u00e8s r\u00e9cemment, la Cour supr\u00eame du Canada a eu l&#8217;occasion de faire un rappel des r\u00e8gles applicables en la mati\u00e8re.\u00a0 Dans <i>R. c. W.H.<\/i>, pour une cour unanime, le juge Cromwell \u00e9crit :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Un verdict est d\u00e9raisonnable ou ne peut s&#8217;appuyer sur la preuve lorsqu&#8217;un jury ayant re\u00e7u les directives appropri\u00e9es et agissant de mani\u00e8re judiciaire n&#8217;aurait pu raisonnablement le rendre (<i>R. c. Yebes<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/1987\/1987canlii17\/1987canlii17.html\">1987 CanLII 17 (CSC)<\/a>, [1987] 2 R.C.S. 168, \u00e0 la p. 185, et <i>R. c. Biniaris<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/2000\/2000csc15\/2000csc15.html\">2000 CSC 15 (CanLII)<\/a>, 2000 CSC 15, [2000] 1 R.C.S. 381, au par. 36).\u00a0 Le m\u00eame crit\u00e8re s&#8217;est longtemps appliqu\u00e9 tant au verdict d&#8217;un jury qu&#8217;\u00e0 celui d&#8217;un juge, mais, r\u00e9cemment, notre Cour a quelque peu accru la port\u00e9e de l&#8217;examen qui permet de d\u00e9terminer que le verdict d&#8217;un juge est raisonnable ou non (<i>R. c. Beaudry<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/2007\/2007csc5\/2007csc5.html\">2007 CSC 5 (CanLII)<\/a>, 2007 CSC 5, [2007] 1 R.C.S. 190, et <i>R. c. Sinclair<\/i>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/csc\/doc\/2011\/2011csc40\/2011csc40.html\">2011 CSC 40 (CanLII)<\/a>, 2011 CSC 40, [2011] 3 R.C.S. 3).\u00a0 Elle a ainsi reconnu l&#8217;existence d&#8217;une diff\u00e9rence d&#8217;ordre pratique entre l&#8217;examen du verdict d&#8217;un juge et l&#8217;examen du verdict d&#8217;un jury.\u00a0 En effet, contrairement au jury, le juge motive sa conclusion, de sorte que la cour d&#8217;appel peut tenir compte de ses motifs pour se prononcer sur le caract\u00e8re raisonnable du verdict.\u00a0 Cependant, cet \u00e9largissement de l&#8217;examen <i>ne<\/i> vaut <i>pas<\/i> pour le verdict d&#8217;un jury.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[69]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Dans <i>R. c. Lohrer<\/i><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>, la Cour supr\u00eame du Canada a adopt\u00e9 la r\u00e8gle \u00e9nonc\u00e9e par le juge Doherty de la Cour d&#8217;appel de l&#8217;Ontario dans <i>R. c. Morrissey<\/i><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> pour d\u00e9finir ce qu&#8217;est un verdict qui ne peut pas s&#8217;appuyer sur la preuve, au sens du sous-alin\u00e9a 686(1)a)(i) <i>C.cr.<\/i><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[70]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Reconnaissant qu&#8217;il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une norme stricte, le juge Binnie \u00e9crit :<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2. [\u2026] L&#8217;interpr\u00e9tation erron\u00e9e de la preuve doit porter sur l&#8217;essence plut\u00f4t que sur des d\u00e9tails.\u00a0 Elle doit avoir une incidence importante plut\u00f4t que secondaire sur le raisonnement du juge du proc\u00e8s.\u00a0 Une fois ces obstacles surmont\u00e9s, il faut en outre (le crit\u00e8re \u00e9tant \u00e9nonc\u00e9 de mani\u00e8re conjonctive plut\u00f4t que disjonctive) que les erreurs ainsi relev\u00e9es aient jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le capital non seulement dans les motifs du jugement, mais encore \u00ab dans le raisonnement \u00e0 l&#8217;origine de la d\u00e9claration de culpabilit\u00e9 \u00bb.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[71]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Je suis conscient que le malaise ou le doute persistant ressenti \u00e0 la lecture de la preuve ne constitue pas une raison valable pour casser les verdicts.\u00a0 Toutefois, l&#8217;examen de l&#8217;ensemble de la preuve m&#8217;am\u00e8ne beaucoup plus loin que ce simple malaise ou ce doute persistant, et ce, m\u00eame en excluant le t\u00e9moignage de Legault rejet\u00e9 par le juge de premi\u00e8re instance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[72]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 R\u00e9duite \u00e0 sa plus simple expression, il me faut conclure de la preuve que seul Santerre situe la voiture de Legault sur les lieux de l&#8217;accident pendant la p\u00e9riode qui a pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9 le d\u00e9rapage de la Tiburon.\u00a0 Au contraire, Caron, qui voit la sc\u00e8ne se d\u00e9rouler devant lui, t\u00e9moigne qu&#8217;il n&#8217;y a aucune autre voiture d&#8217;impliqu\u00e9e lors du d\u00e9rapage fatal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>b) La preuve d&#8217;identification<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[96]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 La question fondamentale est la suivante : en acceptant comme plausible la version des faits de Santerre voulant qu&#8217;il y ait eu une course au moment du d\u00e9rapage de la Tiburon, la preuve est-elle suffisante pour permettre d&#8217;\u00e9tablir hors de tout doute raisonnable que l&#8217;autre v\u00e9hicule impliqu\u00e9 dans cette course \u00e9tait celui de Legault? Seul le conducteur de ce v\u00e9hicule peut \u00eatre trouv\u00e9 coupable de n\u00e9gligence criminelle causant la mort.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[97]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 En mati\u00e8re d&#8217;identification oculaire, une cour d&#8217;appel est parfois aussi bien plac\u00e9e que le tribunal d&#8217;instance pour \u00e9valuer la force probante de la preuve offerte :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">Dans les cas particuliers o\u00f9 l&#8217;issue d&#8217;un verdict repose sur une preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire, il est cependant reconnu que la cour d&#8217;appel peut \u00eatre aussi bien plac\u00e9e que le tribunal d&#8217;instance afin d&#8217;\u00e9valuer la qualit\u00e9 de ce type de preuve. En effet, \u00e9tant donn\u00e9 que l&#8217;appr\u00e9ciation de la force probante d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire n&#8217;est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement pas li\u00e9e \u00e0 une question de cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9, mais plut\u00f4t \u00e0 l&#8217;ensemble des circonstances entourant cette identification, un verdict fond\u00e9 sur une telle preuve pourra \u00eatre \u00e9cart\u00e9 par la cour d&#8217;appel en vertu de l&#8217;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html#art686par1_smooth\">alin\u00e9a 686(1)<\/a>a)(i) du <i><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/ca\/legis\/lois\/lrc-1985-c-c-46\/derniere\/lrc-1985-c-c-46.html\">Code criminel<\/a><\/i> si cette preuve a \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenue de mani\u00e8re honn\u00eate, mais erron\u00e9e.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn8\">[8]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\" align=\"right\">[r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[98]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 La Cour d&#8217;appel de Saskatchewan a effectu\u00e9 une revue de la jurisprudence des cours d&#8217;appel canadiennes en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;identification oculaire et en est venue \u00e0 la conclusion suivante quant aux facteurs qui donnent ouverture \u00e0 l&#8217;intervention :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">41. \u00a0In the judge-alone cases, when a court of appeal will intervene depends on a variety of factors: (i) whether the trial judge can be taken to have instructed himself or herself regarding the frailties of eyewitness testimony and the need to test its reliability; (ii) the extent to which the trial judge has reviewed the evidence with such an instruction in mind; (iii) the extent to which proof of the Crown&#8217;s case depends on the eyewitness&#8217;s testimony or, in other words, the presence or absence of other evidence that can be considered in determining whether a court of appeal should intervene; (iv) the nature of the eyewitness observation including such matters as whether the eyewitness had previously known the accused and the length and quality of the observation; and (v) whether there is other evidence which may tend to make the evidence unreliable, i.e., the witness&#8217;s evidence has been strengthened by inappropriate police or other procedures between the time of the eyewitness observation and the time of testimony.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[125]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Ce faisant, le juge a commis deux erreurs fondamentales en mati\u00e8re de preuve d&#8217;identification : (1) il a omis de consid\u00e9rer les faiblesses \u00e9videntes de la preuve et (2), il s&#8217;en est remis uniquement \u00e0 la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 du t\u00e9moin oculaire sans examiner la fiabilit\u00e9 objective de la preuve d&#8217;identification qu&#8217;il offrait. Ces erreurs sont fatales.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[126]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Premi\u00e8rement, le juge devait faire plus que de se mettre simplement en garde contre les dangers inh\u00e9rents \u00e0 la preuve d&#8217;identification. Il devait appliquer cette mise en garde aux faiblesses particuli\u00e8res de la preuve d&#8217;identification dont il \u00e9tait saisi. Cet enseignement de l&#8217;arr\u00eat <i>Proulx c<\/i>. <i>R<\/i><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>, initialement formul\u00e9 comme une mise en garde que le juge devait faire au jury, est tout aussi applicable \u00e0 l&#8217;analyse du verdict d&#8217;un juge si\u00e9geant seul tel qu&#8217;expliqu\u00e9 dans l&#8217;arr\u00eat <i>N.-I.B. c. R.<\/i> :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">[6] Il est bien \u00e9tabli, selon une jurisprudence constante, que si la culpabilit\u00e9 d\u00e9pend d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire, le tribunal doit se mettre en garde contre les dangers inh\u00e9rents de ce type de preuve.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Dans l&#8217;hypoth\u00e8se, comme en l&#8217;esp\u00e8ce, o\u00f9 la preuve d&#8217;identification contiendrait des faiblesses \u00e9videntes, le tribunal doit d\u00e9montrer qu&#8217;il les a consid\u00e9r\u00e9es dans son analyse<\/span>, de la m\u00eame fa\u00e7on qu&#8217;il est requis d&#8217;un juge, dans ses directives au jury, qu&#8217;il fasse le lien entre la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de la mise en garde et les faiblesses particuli\u00e8res de la preuve dans chaque cas; <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\" align=\"right\">[r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises et je souligne]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[127]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Cette approche est retenue dans le plus r\u00e9cent ouvrage des auteurs B\u00e9liveau et Vauclair :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">Ainsi, la mise en garde doit alerter le jury \u00e0 la faiblesse inh\u00e9rente de cette preuve, expliquer la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d&#8217;une telle mise en garde et l&#8217;inviter \u00e0 examiner soigneusement les conditions dans lesquelles l&#8217;identification a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite en plus de faire le lien entre cette n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 et les faits de l&#8217;esp\u00e8ce. Si le juge si\u00e8ge sans jury, les motifs de sa d\u00e9cision doivent faire ressortir qu&#8217;il a d\u00fbment pris acte de ces \u00e9cueils et de la preuve pertinente \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn12\">[12]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[&#8230;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[131]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Toutefois, une identification cr\u00e9dible \u00e0 l&#8217;audience ne peut pas garantir la justesse d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification. Le juge Arbour rappelle dans l&#8217;arr\u00eat <i>R<\/i><i>. c<\/i>. <i>Hibbert<\/i> que le danger de l\u2019identification par t\u00e9moin oculaire \u00e0 l\u2019audience est qu\u2019elle donne l\u2019illusion d\u2019\u00eatre cr\u00e9dible, surtout parce qu\u2019elle est honn\u00eate et sinc\u00e8re, alors qu&#8217;elle est pratiquement d\u00e9nu\u00e9e de toute fiabilit\u00e9<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[132]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 Dans l&#8217;arr\u00eat <i>Proulx <\/i>c. <i>R<\/i>, les juges Gendreau, Proulx et Fish rapportent les dangers de la preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">Il est depuis fort longtemps reconnu que<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">&#8230;de tous les types de preuves, c&#8217;est l&#8217;identification par t\u00e9moin oculaire qui est la plus susceptible d&#8217;entra\u00eener une erreur judiciaire.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">Le m\u00eame auteur poursuit:<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">Les commentateurs s&#8217;entendent \u00e0 ce sujet depuis longtemps. Le <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Criminal Law Revision Committee<\/span> a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 dans son onzi\u00e8me rapport: [TRADUCTION] &#8220;Nous consid\u00e9rons les identifications erron\u00e9es comme la plus grande cause d&#8217;erreurs judiciaires r\u00e9elles ou possibles, et de loin&#8221;. Ce point de vue s&#8217;appuie sur des centaines de cas o\u00f9 des innocents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9s coupables, emprisonn\u00e9s et m\u00eame parfois ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s \u00e0 la suite de proc\u00e8s o\u00f9 l&#8217;accusation reposait en grande partie sur les d\u00e9positions de t\u00e9moins oculaires. Les cas les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 comment\u00e9s en long et en large par les auteurs am\u00e9ricains et britanniques. Dans les travaux portant sur les erreurs judiciaires, la conclusion est en fait toujours la m\u00eame: l&#8217;identification erron\u00e9e constitue la plus grande source d&#8217;injustice.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn14\">[14]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"right\">[r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[133]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Le juge Sopinka, au nom de la Cour supr\u00eame, explique que ces erreurs sont souvent commises de bonne foi par les t\u00e9moins et r\u00e9sultent de la seule fragilit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9moire humaine :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">[52] [\u2026] En raison de l&#8217;existence de nombreux cas o\u00f9 l&#8217;identification s&#8217;est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e erron\u00e9e, le juge des faits doit \u00eatre conscient des [traduction] \u00abfaiblesses inh\u00e9rentes de la preuve d&#8217;identification qui <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">d\u00e9coulent de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 psychologique selon laquelle l&#8217;observation et la m\u00e9moire humaines ne sont pas fiables<\/span>\u00bb: <i>R. c. Sutton<\/i>, [1970] 2 O.R. 358 (C.A.), \u00e0 la p.\u00a0368.\u00a0 Dans <i>R. c. Spatola<\/i>, [1970] 3 O.R. 74 (C.A.), le juge Laskin (plus tard Juge en chef de notre Cour) fait observer ce qui suit au sujet de la preuve d&#8217;identification (\u00e0 la p. 82):<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">[traduction]\u00a0 Les erreurs de reconnaissance ont un long pass\u00e9 document\u00e9.\u00a0 Les exp\u00e9riences en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;identification ont fait ressortir la fragilit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9moire et la faillibilit\u00e9 des pouvoirs d&#8217;observation.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Des \u00e9tudes ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 l&#8217;assurance qui se b\u00e2tit progressivement \u00e0 partir d&#8217;une identification initiale qui peut \u00eatre erron\u00e9e<\/span> [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] La question m\u00eame de l&#8217;admissibilit\u00e9 de la preuve d&#8217;identification, sous certains de ses aspects, a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 suffisamment de crainte dans certains ressorts pour qu&#8217;on h\u00e9site avant de s&#8217;en remettre aveugl\u00e9ment \u00e0 une telle preuve, lorsqu&#8217;elle est admise, pour prononcer une d\u00e9claration de culpabilit\u00e9 .\u00a0.\u00a0.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn15\">[15]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\" align=\"right\">[soulignements originaux omis et je souligne]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[134]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 La valeur probante d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire ne peut pas \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par le seul test de la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 du t\u00e9moin qui la rapporte. La jurisprudence exige que le juge des faits soit convaincu de surcro\u00eet de la fiabilit\u00e9 objective de cette preuve d&#8217;identification :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">[3] The authorities have long recognized that the danger of mistaken visual identification lies in the fact that the identification comes from witnesses who are honest and convinced, absolutely sure of their identification and getting surer with time, but nonetheless mistaken. Because they are honest and convinced, they are convincing, and have been responsible for many cases of miscarriages of justice through mistaken identity. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The accuracy of this type of evidence cannot be determined by the usual tests of credibility of witnesses, but must be tested by a close scrutiny of other evidence<\/span>. [\u2026] As is said in Turnbull, the jury (or the judge sitting alone) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">must be satisfied of both the honesty of the witness and the correctness of the identification<\/span>. Honesty is determined by the jury (or judge sitting alone) by observing and hearing the witness, but <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">correctness of identification must be found from evidence of circumstances in which it has been made or in other supporting evidence.<\/span> If the accuracy of the identification is left in doubt because the circumstances surrounding the identification are unfavorable, or supporting evidence is lacking or weak, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">honesty of the witnesses will not suffice to raise the case to the requisite standard of proof<\/span> and a conviction so founded is unsatisfactory and unsafe and will be set aside. It should always be remembered that in the famous Adolph Beck case, twenty seemingly honest witnesses mistakenly identified Beck as the wrongdoer. <a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn16\">[16]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\" align=\"right\">[je souligne]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[135]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 La fiabilit\u00e9 objective d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification provient de l&#8217;examen minutieux des circonstances dans laquelle l&#8217;identification a initialement \u00e9t\u00e9 faite.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[136]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Ce faisant, les descriptions contemporaines aux \u00e9v\u00e8nements et la premi\u00e8re identification hors cours ont une importance capitale dans l&#8217;\u00e9tablissement de la fiabilit\u00e9 objective du t\u00e9moignage \u00e0 l&#8217;audience. Cela est d&#8217;autant plus vrai que l&#8217;audience a lieu 4 ans et demi apr\u00e8s les \u00e9v\u00e9nements et d\u00e9clarations initiales. Sans ces d\u00e9clarations contemporaines et l&#8217;identification hors cours initiale, le t\u00e9moignage lors de l&#8217;audience n&#8217;a peu ou pas de valeur probante.\u00a0 \u00c0 ce sujet, le juge Doherty de la Cour d&#8217;appel de l&#8217;Ontario fournit les explications suivantes :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">36.\u00a0\u00a0Clearly, the evidence of the prior descriptions given and the prior identifications made by the identifying witness constitute prior consistent statements made by that witness. Generally speaking, evidence that a witness made prior consistent statements is excluded as irrelevant and self-serving. However, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">where identification evidence is involved, it is the in-court identification of the accused which has little or no probative value standing alone. The probative force of identification evidence is best measured by a consideration of the entire identification process which culminates with an in-court identification<\/span>: e.g. R. v. Langille, supra, at 555; DiCarlo v. The U.S., 6 F.(2d) 364 at 369, per Hough J., concurring, (2d cir. 1925); Clemons v. The U.S., 408 F. (2d) 1230 at 1243 (D.C. cir. 1968). <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The central importance of the pre-trial identification process in the assessment of the weight to be given to identification evidence is apparent<\/span> upon a review of cases which have considered the reasonableness of verdicts based upon identification evidence: e.g. see R. v. Miaponoose <a href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onca\/doc\/1996\/1996canlii1268\/1996canlii1268.html\">1996 CanLII 1268 (ON CA)<\/a>, (1996), 110 C.C.C. (3d) 445 (Ont. C.A.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">37.\u00a0 If a witness identifies an accused at trial, evidence of previous identifications made and descriptions given is admissible to allow the trier of fact to make an informed determination of the probative value of the purported identification. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The trier of fact will consider the entirety of the identification process as revealed by the evidence before deciding what weight should be given to the identification made by the identifying witness. Evidence of the circumstances surrounding any prior identifications and the details of prior descriptions given will be central to that assessment<\/span>.<i> <\/i><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn17\">[17]<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0[r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises et je souligne]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[137]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 L&#8217;importance des d\u00e9clarations ant\u00e9rieures dans l&#8217;examen de la fiabilit\u00e9 objective est consacr\u00e9e par le traitement que leur accordent les tribunaux.\u00a0 Dans le m\u00eame arr\u00eat, le juge Dehorty rapporte les propos du professeur Libling qui explique que la corroboration de l&#8217;identification au proc\u00e8s par une d\u00e9claration ant\u00e9rieure au m\u00eame effet permet de pallier les effets n\u00e9gatifs que la contamination ou l&#8217;oubli ont pu avoir sur les souvenirs du t\u00e9moin :<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">38.\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Where a witness identifies the accused at trial, evidence of prior identifications made and prior descriptions given by that witness do not have a hearsay purpose.<\/span> In his influential article, Evidence of Past Identification, supra, Professor Libling explains the admissibility of the out-of-court statements where the witness makes an in-court identification in this way, at pp. 271-72.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px; text-align: justify;\">There is no hearsay problem with this kind of evidence. It is not admitted to prove the truth of the earlier identification, but to add cogency to the identification performed in court. As a general rule, a witness is not permitted to testify as to his own previous consistent statements because they add nothing to the in-court testimony. But <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">evidence of previous identification strengthens the value of the identification in court by showing that the witness identified the accused before the sharpness of his recollection was dimmed by time<\/span>. Furthermore it is important, in assessing the weight of the identification in Court, to know whether the identifying witness <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">was able to identify the accused before he was aware that the accused was the person under suspicion by the police<\/span>.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn18\">[18]<\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par131\"><\/a>131]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>Toutefois, une identification cr\u00e9dible \u00e0 l&#8217;audience ne peut pas garantir la justesse d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification. Le juge Arbour rappelle dans l&#8217;arr\u00eat <i>R<\/i><i>. c<\/i>. <i>Hibbert<\/i> que le danger de l\u2019identification par t\u00e9moin oculaire \u00e0 l\u2019audience est qu\u2019elle donne l\u2019illusion d\u2019\u00eatre cr\u00e9dible, surtout parce qu\u2019elle est honn\u00eate et sinc\u00e8re, alors qu&#8217;elle est pratiquement d\u00e9nu\u00e9e de toute fiabilit\u00e9<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 12.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\">[13]<\/span><\/span><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par132\"><\/a>132]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>Dans l&#8217;arr\u00eat <i>Proulx <\/i>c. <i>R<\/i>, les juges Gendreau, Proulx et Fish rapportent les dangers de la preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire :<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\">Il est depuis fort longtemps reconnu que<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt;\">&#8230;de tous les types de preuves, c&#8217;est l&#8217;identification par t\u00e9moin oculaire qui est la plus susceptible d&#8217;entra\u00eener une erreur judiciaire.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\">Le m\u00eame auteur poursuit:<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt;\">Les commentateurs s&#8217;entendent \u00e0 ce sujet depuis longtemps. Le <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Criminal Law Revision Committee<\/span> a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 dans son onzi\u00e8me rapport: [TRADUCTION] &#8220;Nous consid\u00e9rons les identifications erron\u00e9es comme la plus grande cause d&#8217;erreurs judiciaires r\u00e9elles ou possibles, et de loin&#8221;. Ce point de vue s&#8217;appuie sur des centaines de cas o\u00f9 des innocents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9s coupables, emprisonn\u00e9s et m\u00eame parfois ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s \u00e0 la suite de proc\u00e8s o\u00f9 l&#8217;accusation reposait en grande partie sur les d\u00e9positions de t\u00e9moins oculaires. Les cas les plus c\u00e9l\u00e8bres ont \u00e9t\u00e9 comment\u00e9s en long et en large par les auteurs am\u00e9ricains et britanniques. Dans les travaux portant sur les erreurs judiciaires, la conclusion est en fait toujours la m\u00eame: l&#8217;identification erron\u00e9e constitue la plus grande source d&#8217;injustice.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\">[14]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">[r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises]<\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par133\"><\/a>133]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>Le juge Sopinka, au nom de la Cour supr\u00eame, explique que ces erreurs sont souvent commises de bonne foi par les t\u00e9moins et r\u00e9sultent de la seule fragilit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9moire humaine :<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\">[52] [\u2026] En raison de l&#8217;existence de nombreux cas o\u00f9 l&#8217;identification s&#8217;est r\u00e9v\u00e9l\u00e9e erron\u00e9e, le juge des faits doit \u00eatre conscient des [<span style=\"text-transform: uppercase;\">traduction<\/span>] \u00abfaiblesses inh\u00e9rentes de la preuve d&#8217;identification qui <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">d\u00e9coulent de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 psychologique selon laquelle l&#8217;observation et la m\u00e9moire humaines ne sont pas fiables<\/span>\u00bb: <i>R. c. Sutton<\/i>, [1970] 2 O.R. 358 (C.A.), \u00e0 la p.\u00a0368.\u00a0 Dans <i>R. c. Spatola<\/i>, [1970] 3 O.R. 74 (C.A.), le juge Laskin (plus tard Juge en chef de notre Cour) fait observer ce qui suit au sujet de la preuve d&#8217;identification (\u00e0 la p. 82):<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt;\">[<span style=\"text-transform: uppercase;\">traduction<\/span>]\u00a0 Les erreurs de reconnaissance ont un long pass\u00e9 document\u00e9.\u00a0 Les exp\u00e9riences en mati\u00e8re d&#8217;identification ont fait ressortir la fragilit\u00e9 de la m\u00e9moire et la faillibilit\u00e9 des pouvoirs d&#8217;observation.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Des \u00e9tudes ont d\u00e9montr\u00e9 l&#8217;assurance qui se b\u00e2tit progressivement \u00e0 partir d&#8217;une identification initiale qui peut \u00eatre erron\u00e9e<\/span> [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] La question m\u00eame de l&#8217;admissibilit\u00e9 de la preuve d&#8217;identification, sous certains de ses aspects, a g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9 suffisamment de crainte dans certains ressorts pour qu&#8217;on h\u00e9site avant de s&#8217;en remettre aveugl\u00e9ment \u00e0 une telle preuve, lorsqu&#8217;elle est admise, pour prononcer une d\u00e9claration de culpabilit\u00e9 .\u00a0.\u00a0.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\">[15]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt; text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">[soulignements originaux omis et je souligne]<\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par134\"><\/a>134]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>La valeur probante d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification oculaire ne peut pas \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9e par le seul test de la cr\u00e9dibilit\u00e9 du t\u00e9moin qui la rapporte. La jurisprudence exige que le juge des faits soit convaincu de surcro\u00eet de la fiabilit\u00e9 objective de cette preuve d&#8217;identification :<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\">[3] The authorities have long recognized that the danger of mistaken visual identification lies in the fact that the identification comes from witnesses who are honest and convinced, absolutely sure of their identification and getting surer with time, but nonetheless mistaken. Because they are honest and convinced, they are convincing, and have been responsible for many cases of miscarriages of justice through mistaken identity. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The accuracy of this type of evidence cannot be determined by the usual tests of credibility of witnesses, but must be tested by a close scrutiny of other evidence<\/span>. [\u2026] As is said in Turnbull, the jury (or the judge sitting alone) <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">must be satisfied of both the honesty of the witness and the correctness of the identification<\/span>. Honesty is determined by the jury (or judge sitting alone) by observing and hearing the witness, but <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">correctness of identification must be found from evidence of circumstances in which it has been made or in other supporting evidence.<\/span> If the accuracy of the identification is left in doubt because the circumstances surrounding the identification are unfavorable, or supporting evidence is lacking or weak, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">honesty of the witnesses will not suffice to raise the case to the requisite standard of proof<\/span> and a conviction so founded is unsatisfactory and unsafe and will be set aside. It should always be remembered that in the famous Adolph Beck case, twenty seemingly honest witnesses mistakenly identified Beck as the wrongdoer.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\">[16]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">[je souligne]<\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par135\"><\/a>135]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>La fiabilit\u00e9 objective d&#8217;une preuve d&#8217;identification provient de l&#8217;examen minutieux des circonstances dans laquelle l&#8217;identification a initialement \u00e9t\u00e9 faite.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par136\"><\/a>136]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>Ce faisant, les descriptions contemporaines aux \u00e9v\u00e8nements et la premi\u00e8re identification hors cours ont une importance capitale dans l&#8217;\u00e9tablissement de la fiabilit\u00e9 objective du t\u00e9moignage \u00e0 l&#8217;audience. Cela est d&#8217;autant plus vrai que l&#8217;audience a lieu 4 ans et demi apr\u00e8s les \u00e9v\u00e9nements et d\u00e9clarations initiales. Sans ces d\u00e9clarations contemporaines et l&#8217;identification hors cours initiale, le t\u00e9moignage lors de l&#8217;audience n&#8217;a peu ou pas de valeur probante.\u00a0 \u00c0 ce sujet, le juge Doherty de la Cour d&#8217;appel de l&#8217;Ontario fournit les explications suivantes :<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\"><span class=\"bold1\"><span style=\"color: black;\">36.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0Clearly, the evidence of the prior descriptions given and the prior identifications made by the identifying witness constitute prior consistent statements made by that witness. Generally speaking, evidence that a witness made prior consistent statements is excluded as irrelevant and self-serving. However, <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">where identification evidence is involved, it is the in-court identification of the accused which has little or no probative value standing alone. The probative force of identification evidence is best measured by a consideration of the entire identification process which culminates with an in-court identification<\/span>: e.g. R. v. Langille, supra, at 555; DiCarlo v. The U.S., 6 F.(2d) 364 at 369, per Hough J., concurring, (2d cir. 1925); Clemons v. The U.S., 408 F. (2d) 1230 at 1243 (D.C. cir. 1968). <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The central importance of the pre-trial identification process in the assessment of the weight to be given to identification evidence is apparent<\/span> upon a review of cases which have considered the reasonableness of verdicts based upon identification evidence: e.g. see R. v. Miaponoose <a class=\"reflex-caselaw\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/en\/on\/onca\/doc\/1996\/1996canlii1268\/1996canlii1268.html\" name=\"reflex-caselaw-93709228\">1996 CanLII 1268 (ON CA)<\/a>, (1996), 110 C.C.C. (3d) 445 (Ont. C.A.).<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\"><span class=\"bold1\"><span style=\"color: black;\">37.\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>If a witness identifies an accused at trial, evidence of previous identifications made and descriptions given is admissible to allow the trier of fact to make an informed determination of the probative value of the purported identification. <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">The trier of fact will consider the entirety of the identification process as revealed by the evidence before deciding what weight should be given to the identification made by the identifying witness. Evidence of the circumstances surrounding any prior identifications and the details of prior descriptions given will be central to that assessment<\/span>.<a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\"><span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\">[17]<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"text-align: right;\" align=\"right\">\u00a0[r\u00e9f\u00e9rences omises et je souligne]<\/p>\n<p class=\"Paragraphe\" style=\"margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;\">[<a class=\"paragAnchor\" name=\"par137\"><\/a>137]<span style=\"font: 7.0pt 'Times New Roman';\">\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 <\/span>L&#8217;importance des d\u00e9clarations ant\u00e9rieures dans l&#8217;examen de la fiabilit\u00e9 objective est consacr\u00e9e par le traitement que leur accordent les tribunaux.\u00a0 Dans le m\u00eame arr\u00eat, le juge Dehorty rapporte les propos du professeur Libling qui explique que la corroboration de l&#8217;identification au proc\u00e8s par une d\u00e9claration ant\u00e9rieure au m\u00eame effet permet de pallier les effets n\u00e9gatifs que la contamination ou l&#8217;oubli ont pu avoir sur les souvenirs du t\u00e9moin :<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\"><span class=\"bold1\"><span style=\"color: black;\">38<\/span><\/span><span class=\"bold1\"><span style=\"color: black; font-weight: normal;\">.<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Where a witness identifies the accused at trial, evidence of prior identifications made and prior descriptions given by that witness do not have a hearsay purpose.<\/span> In his influential article, Evidence of Past Identification, supra, Professor Libling explains the admissibility of the out-of-court statements where the witness makes an in-court identification in this way, at pp. 271-72.<\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt;\">There is no hearsay problem with this kind of evidence. It is not admitted to prove the truth of the earlier identification, but to add cogency to the identification performed in court. As a general rule, a witness is not permitted to testify as to his own previous consistent statements because they add nothing to the in-court testimony. But <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">evidence of previous identification strengthens the value of the identification in court by showing that the witness identified the accused before the sharpness of his recollection was dimmed by time<\/span>. Furthermore it is important, in assessing the weight of the identification in Court, to know whether the identifying witness <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">was able to identify the accused before he was aware that the accused was the person under suspicion by the police<\/span>.<span class=\"MsoFootnoteReference\"><span style=\"font-size: 11.0pt; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';\"><a title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/www.canlii.org\/fr\/qc\/qcca\/doc\/2013\/2013qcca1264\/2013qcca1264.html#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"Citationenretrait\" style=\"margin-left: 70.8pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/head_img_031.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1239\" src=\"http:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/07\/head_img_031.png\" alt=\"head_img_03\" width=\"956\" height=\"244\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La Cour d&#8217;appel du Qu\u00e9bec, dans Legault c. R., 2013 QCCA 126, rappelle les principes applicables en mati\u00e8re de verdict d\u00e9raisonnable et de preuve d&#8217;identification. Voici les passages pertinents : a) Le verdict d\u00e9raisonnable [67]\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 Il y a lieu d&#8217;admettre l&#8217;appel et de rejeter les verdicts au motif que ceux-ci sont d\u00e9raisonnables ou [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":12900,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[120],"tags":[146,237,4354],"yst_prominent_words":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6478"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6478"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6478\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/12900"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6478"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6478"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6478"},{"taxonomy":"yst_prominent_words","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.doyonavocats.ca\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/yst_prominent_words?post=6478"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}